Abbreviations

1,2-ISCRA

1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery

A&E

Accident and Emergency

AAOS

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

ABC airway, breathing, circulation

ABG arterial blood gas

ABI ankle–brachial index

ABPB axillary brachial plexus block

ABPI

Ankle–Brachial Pressure Index

AC acromioclavicular

ACDF anterior cervical decompression and fusion

ACI autologous chondrocyte implantation

Abbreviaft ons

19

ACJ acromioclavicular joint

ACL anterior cruciate ligament

ACR

American College of Rheumatology

AD autosomal dominant

ADL activities of daily living

AER apical ectodermal ridge

AFO ankle–foot orthosis

AGE advanced glycation end product

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIIS anterior inferior iliac spine

AIN anterior interosseous nerve

AIS

Abbreviated Injury Scale

20

AIS adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

AJCC

American Joint Commift ee on Cancer

AKA above-knee amputation

ALIF anterior lumbar interbody fusion

ALL anterior longitudinal ligament

ALVAL aseptic lymphocy te-dominated vasculitis-associa ted lesions

AM anteromedial

AMTS abbreviated mental test score

ANOVA analysis of variance

AOFAS

American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society

AORI

Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute

AP

21 anteroposterior

APB abductor pollicis brevis

APL abductor pollicis longus

APT all polyethylene tibial

AR autosomal recessive

ARCO

Association Research Circulation Osseous

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARMD adverse reactions to metal debris

AS ankylosing spondylitis

ASIA

American Spinal Injury Association

ASIS anterior superior iliac spine

ATFL anterior talofibular ligament

22

ATLa typical lipoma

ATLS®

Advanced Trauma Life Support®

ATP adenosine triphosphate

AVN avascular necrosis

BASS

British Association of Spine Surgeons

BDGF bone-derived growth factor bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor

BHN bone homeostasis, healing and non-union

BHS

British Hip Society

BKA below-knee amputation

BMD bone mineral density

BMES bone marrow oedema syndrome

23

BMI body mass index

BMP bone morphogenetic protein

BMU basic multicellular unit

BOA

British Orthopaedic Association

BOAST

British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma

BP blood pressure

BPBG bone–patella–bone graft

BPBT bone–patella–bone–tendon

BPI brachial plexus injury

BPN bisphosphonate

BPTB bone–patella–tendon–bone

BR

24 brachioradialis

BSSH

British Society for Surgery of the Hand

BW bodyweight

CAVE cavus, adductus, varus, equinus

CC costoclavicular

CCK constrained condylar knee

CCS central cord syndrome

CDH congenital dislocation of the hip

CDR cervical disc replacement

CEA carcinoembryonic antigen

CECI caudae quina syndrome incomplete

CES caudae quina syndrome

25

CESR cauda equine syndrome retention

CFL calcaneofibular ligament

CFU colony-forming units

CLPE cross-lined polyethylene

CMAP compound muscle action potential

CMC carpometacarpal

CMN cephalomedullary nail

CMT

Charcot–Marie–Tooth

CNB central neuraxial block

CNS central nervous system

CNS

Congress of Neurological Surgeons

CoC ceramic on ceramic

26

CoP ceramic on polyethylene

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CP cerebral palsy

CPSP central post-stroke pain

CR cruciate retaining

CROW

Charcot restraint orthotic walker

CRP

C-reactiv e protein

CRPS complex regional pain syndrome

CS cannulated screw

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

CSM cervical spondylotic myelopathy

CT

27 computed tomography

CTEV congenital talipes equinovarus

CTGF connective tissue growth factor

CTS carpal tunnel syndrome

CVA cerebrovascular accident

CVT congenital vertical talus

DAIR debridement, antibiotics and implan

DASH

Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand

DB

Denis Browne

DCO damage control orthopaedics

DCP dynamic compression plate

DCS dynamic condylar screw t retention

28

DDH developmental dysplasia of the hip

DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiome try

DGH district general hospital

DHS dynamic hip screw

DIP distal interphalangeal

DIPJ distal interphalangeal joint

DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

DMAA distal metatarsal articular angle

DMARDs disease modifying anft-rheuma toid drugs

DRUJ distal radioulnar joint

DVT deep vein thrombosis

ECA extensor compartment artery

29

ECM extracellular matrix

ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis

ECRL extensor carpi radialis longus

ECU extensor carpi ulnaris

EDB extensor digitorum brevis

EDC extensor digitorum communis

EDL extensor digitorum longus

EDM extensor digift minimi

EF external fixation

EGF epidermal growth factor

EHL extensor hallucis longus

EIP

30 extensor indicis proprius

EJS effective joint space

EMA epiphyseal–metaphyseal angle

EMG electromyography

EMIs extended matching items

EPB extensor pollicis brevis

EPI epicondylitis

EPL extensor pollicis longus

EPS extracellular polymeric substance

ER external rotation

ERAS enhanced recovery after surgery

ERCB extensor carpi radialis brevis

31

ERCL extensor carpi radialis longus

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ETO extended trochanteric osteotomy

EUA examination under anaesthesia

EULAR

European League Against Rheumatism

EWS early warning score

FAOS foot and ankle outcome score

FBC full blood count

FCL fibular collateral ligament

FCR flexor carpi radialis

FCU flexor carpi ulnaris

FDB flexor digitorum brevis

32

FDG fluorodeoxyglucose

FDL flexor digitorum longus

FDP flexor digitorum profundus

FDQ flexor digift quin ti

FDS flexor digitorum superficialis

FFP fresh frozen plasma

FGF fibroblast growth factor

FGF23 fibroblast growth factor 23

FGFR3 fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3

FHL flexor hallucis longus

FMDA femoral metaphyseal–diaphyseal angle

FNB

33 femoral nerve block

FPL flexor pollicis longus

FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase

FTR femoral tibial ratio

GA general anaesthetic

GAGs glycosaminoglycans

GCS

Glasgow Coma Score

GCT giant cell tumour

GHL glenohumeral ligaments

GI gastrointestinal

GIRFT get it right first time

GMC

General Medical Council

34

GRAFO ground reaction ankle foot orthosis

GRF ground reaction forces

GT greater trochanter

HA hyaluronic acid

HA hydroxyapatite

HCLPE highly cross-linked polyethylene

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

HO heterotopic ossification

HSMN hereditary sensorimotor neuropathies

HTO high tibial osteotomy

HU

Hounsfield units

HVA hallux valgus angle

35

HVI hallux valgus interphalangeus

IASP

International Association of the Study of P ain

ICB

Intercollegiate Board

ICSRA intercompartmental supraretinacular artery

IGF insulin-like growth factor

II image intensifier

IL interleukin

IM intramedullary

IMA intermetatarsal angle

INR

International Normalized Ratio

IP interphalangeal

IPJ

36 interphalangeal joint

ISB interscalene block

ITB iliotibial band

ITOH idiopathic transient osteoporosis of the hip

ITU

Intensive Care Unit

IV intravenous

IVC inferior vena cava

IVDU intravenous drug user

JBJS

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

JCIE

Joint Commift ee on Intercollegiate Examinations

JLCA joint line convergence angle

JRF joint reaction force

37

KAFO knee–ankle–foot orthosis

LA local anaesthetic

LAST local anaesthetic systemic toxicity

LAT lateral

LB Plowback pain

LC lateral compression

LCDCP low-contact dynamic compression plates

LCL lateral collateral ligament

LC Plow compression plates

LCPD

Legg Calves Perthes disease

LDFA lateral distal femoral angle

LFA low-friction arthroplasty

38

LFTs liver function tests

LHB longhead of biceps

LLD limb length discrepancy

LMWH low molecular weight heparin

LP lumbar puncture

LRTI ligament reconstruction tendon interposition

LUCL lateral ulnar collateral ligament

MA metatarsus adductus

MAD mechanical axis deviation

MCFA medial circumflex femoral artery

MCL medial collateral ligament

MCP

39 metacarpophalangeal

MCQs multiple choice questions

MCSF macrophage-colony stimulating factor

MDA metaphyseal–diaphyseal angle

MDP methylene diphosphonate

MDT multidisciplinary team

MED multiple epiphyseal dysplasia

MFC medial femoral condyle

MHRA

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

MIPO minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis

MMP metalloproteinase

MoM metal on metal

40

MoP metal on polyethylene

MPC

2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine

MPFL medial patellofemoral ligament

MPTA medial proximal tibial angle

MR magnetic resonance

MRC

Medical Research Council

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

MS multiple sclerosis

MSC mesenchymal stem cell

MSCC malignant spinal cord compression

MSK musculoskeletal

MSTS

Musculoskeletal Tumor Society

41

MSU monosodium urate

MTC

Major Trauma Centre

MTP metatarsophalangeal

MTPJ metatarsophalangeal joint

MUA manipulation under anaesthetic

NAI non-accidental injury

NCS nerve conduction studies

NF neurofibromatosis

NF-1 neurofibromatosis type 1

NF-2 neurofibromatosis type 2

NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associa ted lipocalin

NICE

42

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

NJR

National Joint Registry

NMJ neuromuscular junction

NOGG

National Osteoporosis Guideline Group

NPV negative predictive value

NSAIDs non-steroidal anft-in flammatory drugs

OA osteoarthritis

OATS osteochondral autograft transfer system

OCD osteochondritis dissec ans

OCL osteochondral lesions

ODEP

Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel

43

OHS

Oxford hip score

OI osteogenesis imperfecta

OKS

Oxford knee score

OLT osteochondral lesion of the talus

ON osteonecrosis

OPG osteoprotegerin

OPLL ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

ORIF open reduction internal fixation

OSCAR

Orthosonics System for Cemented Arthroplasty Revision

OSCE objective structured clinical examination

PA posterior anterior

PACS picture archive and communication system

44

PAO periacetabular osteotomy

PCA patien t-controlled analgesia

PCL posterior cruciate ligament

PCT procalcitonin

PD proximodistal

PDFA posterior distal femoral angle

PDGF platelet-derived growth factor

PDNP peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain

PE polyethylene

PE pulmonary embolism

PET positron emission tomography

PF

45 patellofemoral

PFJ patellofemoral joint

PFO proximal femoral osteotomy

PFR proximal femoral replacement

PG proteoglycan

PGE2 prostaglandin E2

PHN postherpetic neuralgia

PI pelvic incidence

PIN posterior interosseous nerve

PIP proximal interphalangeal

PIPJ proximal interphalangeal joint

PIS pinning-in-situ

46

PJI periprosthetic joint infection

PL posterolateral

PLC posterior ligamentous complex

PLIF posterior interbody lumbar fusion

PLRI posterolateral rotatory instability

PMMA polymethylmethacrylate

PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophil

PPF periprosthetic fracture

PPP preperitoneal pelvic packing

PPTA posterior proximal tibial angle

PPV positive predictive value

PQ pronator quadratus

47

PR per rectum

PROM patien t-reported outcome measure

PROSTALAC prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acr

PRP platelet-rich plasma

PS posterior stabilized

PSA posterior sloping angle

PSA prostate-specific antigen

PSF posterior spinal fusion

PSIS posterior superior iliac spine

PT pronator teres

PTFL posterior talofibular ligament

PT Hylic cement

48 parathyroid hormone

QAP questions answers and prompting

RA rheumatoid arthritis

RANK receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ

RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand

RC radial collateral

RCT randomized controlled trial

RDS respiratory distress syndrome

RF rheumatoid factor

RHK rotating-hing e knee

RLN recurrent laryngeal nerve

ROM range of movement

49

ROTEM rotational thr omboelastometry

RR relative risk

RTA road traffic accident

SACH solid ankle cushioned heel

SAR structures at risk

SBA single best answer

SCA sickle cell anaemia

SCB supraclavicular block

SCD sickle cell disease

SCFE slipped capital femoral epiphysis

SCH supracondylar fracture of the humerus

SCI spinal cord injury

50

SCM sternocleidomastoid

SD standard deviation

SER supination external rotation

SERMs selective oestrogen receptor modulators

SI sacroiliac

SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome

SLAC scapholunate advanced collapsed

SLAP superior labrum from anterior to posterior

SLE systemic lupuserythematosus

SLR straight leg raise

SMA second moment area

SMAC

51

Standing Medical Advisory Commift ee

SNAC scaphoid non-union advanced collapsed

SNAP sensory nerve action potential

SNB sciatic nerve block

SOL space occupying lesion

SPECT single photon emission computed tomography

SPN superficial peroneal nerve

SR sarcoplasmic reticulum

SRN superficial radial nerve

SRS

Scoliosis Research Society

ST3 surgical trainee year 3

STACIS

Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study

52

STAR

Scandinavian total ankle replacement

STC

Specialist Training Commift ee

STIR short-tau inversion recovery

STT scaphotrapeziotrapezoid

SUFE slipped upper femoral epiphysis

TA tibialis anterior

TB tuberculosis

TCA tricyclic antidepressant

TEG thromboelastography

TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TER total elbow replacement

TFA tibiofemoral angle

53

TFCC triangular fibrocartilage complex

TFL tensor fascia lata

TGF transforming growth factor

TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta

THA total hip arthroplasty

THR total hip replacement

TIMPs tissue inhibitory metalloproteinases

TIVA total intravenous anaesthesia

TKA total knee arthroplasty

TKR total knee replacement

TLICS

Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity

TLIF

54 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion

TLSO thoracolumbar spinal orthosis

TM trabecular metal

TMT tarsometatarsal

TNF tumour necrosis factor

TRAP tartrate resistance acid phosphatase

TSF thread shape factor

TT tibial tubercle

TTO tibial tubercle osteotomy

TT–TG tibial tuber osity–trochlea groove

U&E urea and electrolytes

UA uric acid

55

UCL ulnar collateral ligament

UCS

Unified Classification System

UHMWPE ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene

UKR unicompartmental knee replacement

UMN upper motor neuron

URTI upper respiratory tract infection

US ultrasound

UTI urinary tract infection

UTS ultimate tensile strength

UV ultraviolet

VACTERL vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheal, oesophageal, renal and limb

VAS visual analogue scale

56

VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

VFG vascularized fibular graft

VTE venous thromboembolism

WBC white blood cell

WCC white blood cell count

WDL well-differentia ted lipoma

WHO

World Health Organization

WOMAC

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Inde

ZPA zone of polarizing activity

57 x

58